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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

The indeterminate adrenal mass.

Barney Harrison1

  • 1Department of Endocrine Surgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK. barney.harrison@sth.nhs.uk

Langenbeck'S Archives of Surgery
|September 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

For indeterminate adrenal masses, further imaging with MRI and FDG PET/CT can help guide clinical management when phaeochromocytoma and metastasis are ruled out. These advanced techniques improve characterization of adrenal lesions.

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Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands
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Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
09:31

In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses

Published on: March 30, 2015

Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands
08:37

Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

Published on: October 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Adrenal masses are common findings on cross-sectional imaging.
  • Distinguishing benign from malignant adrenal lesions is crucial for patient management.
  • Lipid-poor or indeterminate adrenal masses pose diagnostic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for managing CT/MRI-detected lipid-poor/indeterminate adrenal masses.
  • To provide recommendations for clinical management after excluding phaeochromocytoma and metastasis.
  • To guide further diagnostic assessment when adrenalectomy is not clearly indicated.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of English-language articles.
  • Development of a consensus statement with evidence grading (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality).
  • Keyword search of Medline database.

Main Results:

  • Established clear definitions for lipid-poor adrenal masses.
  • MRI shows increasing potential in differentiating adrenocortical adenoma from cancer, though high-level evidence is limited.
  • FDG PET demonstrates promise in predicting benign adrenal lesions.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical-shift/contrast-enhanced MRI and (18)F-FDG PET/CT can aid management decisions for indeterminate adrenal masses.
  • Further imaging is recommended when clinical, biochemical, and radiological signs for adrenalectomy are absent.
  • These advanced imaging modalities improve characterization and inform treatment strategies.