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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

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Radical Autoxidation

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

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Published on: September 11, 2016

Degradation of 1,4-dioxane using advanced oxidation processes.

Sengadir Chitra¹, Kanapathy Paramasivan, Mayilsamy Cheralathan

¹Centralised Waste Management Facility, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Facilities, Kalpakkam 603 102, India. schitra@igcar.gov.in

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International

|September 28, 2011

Summary

Sunlight and iron catalysis effectively degrade 1,4-dioxane, a persistent pollutant. This advanced oxidation process offers a faster solution for contaminated water compared to conventional methods.

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Published on: June 14, 2018

Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Water Treatment Technologies
Advanced Oxidation Processes

Background:

1,4-dioxane is a solvent used in nuclear industry liquid scintillation.
Improper disposal contaminates water sources.
Conventional treatments are ineffective for 1,4-dioxane degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate 1,4-dioxane degradation kinetics.
Evaluate various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs).
Optimize Fe(II) catalyst for AOPs.

Main Methods:

Studied degradation using H₂O₂, UV, US, and sunlight with Fe(II) catalyst.
Conducted experiments at pH 3.0.
Optimized Fe(II) concentration for Fe(II)+H₂O₂ process.

Main Results:

Sunlight+Fe(II)+H₂O₂ showed the fastest degradation kinetics.
Degradation followed first-order kinetics.
Observed pH changes indicated formation of acidic intermediates.

Conclusions:

Sunlight-driven AOP with Fe(II) and H₂O₂ is highly effective.
This method offers a promising solution for 1,4-dioxane contaminated water.
Further research into intermediate products is warranted.