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Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...

Riboswitches

Riboswitches

Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

Putatively noncoding transcripts show extensive association with ribosomes.

Benjamin A Wilson¹, Joanna Masel

¹Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, USA.

Genome Biology and Evolution

|September 28, 2011

Summary

New genes may evolve from noncoding DNA. Ribosome profiling reveals that many noncoding transcripts in yeast are translated at low rates, suggesting a mechanism for de novo gene evolution.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

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Published on: February 18, 2022

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Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Published on: October 7, 2021

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Evolutionary Biology
Genomics

Background:

Recent studies suggest genes can originate de novo from noncoding sequences.
The plausibility of de novo gene evolution increases if noncoding sequences are translated at low rates and deleterious products are removed by selection.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the translation of noncoding transcripts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using ribosome profiling.
To assess the potential for de novo gene evolution from noncoding sequences.

Main Methods:

Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae noncoding transcripts associated with ribosomes.
Quantification of ribosomal densities on noncoding transcripts.
Investigation of ribosomal association under different media conditions (rich vs. starvation).

Main Results:

Numerous noncoding transcripts associate with ribosomes, some at densities comparable to protein-coding genes.
Ribosomal association increases under starvation conditions.
In rich media, translation is suggested by start codon association but is generally low-rate and non-contiguous, except for a 28-codon open reading frame (RDT1).

Conclusions:

Extensive ribosome association with noncoding transcripts supports the precondition for selective purging, making de novo gene evolution more plausible.
Ribosome profiling is a valuable tool for gene annotation and discovering potentially new genes.