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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c
07:42

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Published on: June 29, 2011

Intracellular K+ concentration decrease is not obligatory for apoptosis.

Sara I Börjesson1, Ulrika H Englund, Muhammad H Asif

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|September 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Potassium (K+) efflux is an early sign of apoptosis. In Xenopus oocytes, while apoptosis reduces intracellular K+, caspase-3 activity increases independently of K+ levels.

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Monitoring Cleaved Caspase-3 Activity and Apoptosis of Immortalized Oligodendroglial Cells using Live-cell Imaging and Cleaveable Fluorogenic-dye Substrates Following Potassium-induced Membrane Depolarization
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Monitoring Cleaved Caspase-3 Activity and Apoptosis of Immortalized Oligodendroglial Cells using Live-cell Imaging and Cleaveable Fluorogenic-dye Substrates Following Potassium-induced Membrane Depolarization

Published on: January 13, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Apoptosis Research
  • Ion Channel Physiology

Background:

  • Potassium (K+) efflux is an early event in apoptosis across cell types.
  • Reduced intracellular K+ and ionic strength may release inhibition of proapoptotic caspases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate intracellular K+ changes in Xenopus laevis oocytes during chemically induced apoptosis.
  • Determine the relationship between K+ concentration and caspase-3 activity in these oocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel K+-specific microelectrode to measure intracellular K+.
  • Verified microelectrode accuracy with electrophysiological measurements.
  • Induced apoptosis chemically in Xenopus oocytes.

Main Results:

  • Apoptotic stimuli decreased intracellular K+ concentration in Xenopus oocytes.
  • Caspase-3 activity increased concurrently with K+ reduction.
  • Dense expression of voltage-gated K (Kv) channels prevented K+ reduction but did not alter caspase-3 activation.

Conclusions:

  • Intracellular K+ concentration is not the determining factor for caspase-3 activity in Xenopus oocytes.
  • Apoptosis-induced K+ efflux in these oocytes occurs independently of caspase-3 activation pathways.