Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A tailored in vivo CRISPR screen identifies BAP1 as a potent tumor suppressor of sarcoma.

JCI insight·2026
Same author

Early evidence of the efficacy of TCR-T therapy targeting the G12V mutation in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy·2026
Same author

Novel multiplex immunofluorescence-based tumor inflammation score provides apparent predictive biomarker in a phase I/II study of pembrolizumab with gemcitabine in patients with previously-treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Oncoimmunology·2026
Same author

Bright side of the dark genome: antigens for next-gen cancer vaccines.

Journal for immunotherapy of cancer·2026
Same author

Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer: Standards for Reporting of Multiplex Immunohistochemistry/Immunofluorescence Assays (STORMI).

Journal for immunotherapy of cancer·2025
Same author

Multimodal AI generates virtual population for tumor microenvironment modeling.

Cell·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen
07:44

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen

Published on: May 12, 2023

Multiple vaccinations: friend or foe.

Sarah E Church1, Shawn M Jensen, Christopher G Twitty

  • 1Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland Medical Center, USA.

Cancer Journal (Sudbury, Mass.)
|September 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evidence suggests that multiple cancer vaccine administrations may not improve, and can even reduce, therapeutic anticancer immune responses. Further research is needed to optimize cancer immunotherapy vaccination strategies.

More Related Videos

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique
09:37

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Published on: September 23, 2022

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice
07:33

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Published on: February 2, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen
07:44

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen

Published on: May 12, 2023

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique
09:37

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Published on: September 23, 2022

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice
07:33

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Published on: February 2, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The efficacy of single versus multiple cancer vaccinations remains unclear.
  • The
  • more-is-better
  • approach for cancer vaccines lacks robust evidence.
  • Anticancer immune response is a potential surrogate for vaccination strategy effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the evidence supporting single versus multiple cancer vaccination strategies.
  • To analyze the impact of vaccination frequency on anticancer immune responses.
  • To critically assess current cancer vaccine strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of smaller trials with immunologic monitoring before and after vaccination.
  • Analysis of immune responses to vaccine antigens and tumor targets.
  • Examination of data from large adjuvant vaccine studies.

Main Results:

  • Some studies show repeated vaccination augments immune response.
  • Other studies indicate multiple vaccinations can reduce immune response.
  • Three large adjuvant vaccine studies suggest multiple vaccinations may have detrimental effects on clinical outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The optimal vaccination schedule for cancer immunotherapy is not established.
  • Multiple vaccinations can sometimes impair anticancer immune responses.
  • Further research and critical evaluation are essential for advancing cancer vaccine development.