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Related Concept Videos

Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Phenotypic variability in fetuses with down syndrome: a case-control pathological evaluation.

C Ramalho1, O Brandão, A Matias

  • 1Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Medical Faculty of Porto, Porto, Portugal. carlaramalho@med.up.pt

Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
|September 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Detailed postmortem examinations reveal distinct morphological and morphometric differences in fetuses with Down syndrome compared to normal fetuses. These findings enhance prenatal knowledge of Down syndrome characteristics.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Genetics
  • Fetal development

Background:

  • Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder with recognizable fetal characteristics.
  • Accurate prenatal diagnosis relies on understanding these characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare morphological and morphometric features of fetuses with Down syndrome and control fetuses.
  • To enhance prenatal diagnostic knowledge of Down syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study comparing 50 fetuses with Down syndrome to 47 chromosomally normal fetuses.
  • Detailed postmortem examination including biometric and morphological parameter assessment.

Main Results:

  • Fetuses with Down syndrome showed significant differences in craniofacial and extremity features compared to controls.
  • Specific biometric differences noted in occipitofrontal diameter and nasal bone length.
  • High prevalence of internal anomalies (62%) and cardiac anomalies (38.8%) in Down syndrome fetuses.

Conclusions:

  • Morphological and morphometric analysis contributes to a better understanding of fetal Down syndrome.
  • This knowledge is crucial for optimizing prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome.