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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...
Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
04:50

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain

Published on: May 16, 2025

Understanding rheumatic fever.

Pedro Ming Azevedo1, Rosa Rodrigues Pereira, Luiza Guilherme

  • 1Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. pedroming@gmail.com

Rheumatology International
|September 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Rheumatic fever (RF) remains a significant global health issue, causing approximately 500,000 deaths annually. Genetic factors significantly influence RF susceptibility and disease presentation, impacting autoimmune responses.

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease research
  • Post-infectious autoimmune disease mechanisms
  • Immunogenetics and disease susceptibility

Background:

  • Rheumatic fever (RF) continues to be a major cause of mortality, particularly in developing nations, with nearly 500,000 deaths yearly.
  • Despite its impact, scientific interest in RF has declined significantly since the mid-20th century.
  • Understanding the physiopathology of RF is crucial for addressing this persistent global health challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel physiopathologic model for rheumatic fever based on recent scientific findings.
  • To review and synthesize current knowledge regarding the genetic and immunologic underpinnings of RF susceptibility.
  • To explore how genetic background influences the varied clinical manifestations of RF.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
04:50

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain

Published on: May 16, 2025

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of articles on rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
  • Medline database search from 1970 to 2011 using specific keywords.
  • Application of the best evidence qualitative technique for article selection.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests a significant genetic influence on RF susceptibility, supported by family, twin, and HLA studies.
  • Genes implicated in immunologic mediation are key suspects in RF pathogenesis.
  • Molecular mimicry is identified as a trigger, but sustained inflammation, potentially influenced by Th1/Th2 immune responses, is necessary for sequelae.

Conclusions:

  • Recent findings offer critical insights into the physiopathology of rheumatic fever, highlighting its nature as a prototype post-infectious autoimmune disease.
  • Genetic predisposition plays a crucial role in determining individual susceptibility and the clinical spectrum of RF.
  • This understanding may provide valuable insights applicable to other autoimmune conditions.