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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
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A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations
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The fetal cerebellum: development and common malformations.

Catherine Garel1, Catherine Fallet-Bianco, Laurent Guibaud

  • 1Service de Radiologie, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France. catherine.garel@trs.aphp.fr

Journal of Child Neurology
|September 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This review clarifies cerebellar development and malformation terminology. It details imaging findings for prenatal ultrasound and MRI, aiding diagnosis of congenital cerebellar abnormalities.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • The cerebellum's prolonged development increases vulnerability to insults.
  • Cerebellar malformations are common and complex, with varied terminology.
  • Distinguishing developmental abnormalities from acquired injuries is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cerebellar development and associated imaging findings.
  • To clarify terminology for cerebellar malformations.
  • To guide diagnosis of cerebellar abnormalities using prenatal ultrasound and MRI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cerebellar development stages.
  • Description of normal prenatal ultrasound and MRI patterns.
  • Clarification of terms: agenesis, hypoplasia, dysplasia, atrophy.
  • Categorization of pathologies based on imaging findings.

Main Results:

  • Protracted cerebellar development impacts vulnerability.
  • Specific imaging patterns correlate with distinct pathologies.
  • Dandy-Walker malformation, cerebellar hypoplasia, and dysplasia are key differential diagnoses.
  • MRI timing is critical for accurate assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized terminology is essential for reporting cerebellar malformations.
  • Prenatal ultrasound and MRI are vital for diagnosing cerebellar abnormalities.
  • Understanding developmental stages and imaging patterns aids differential diagnosis.