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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools
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Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Published on: July 20, 2022

Composition and function of cytochrome c biogenesis System II.

Jörg Simon1, Lars Hederstedt

  • 1Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany. simon@bio.tu-darmstadt.de

The FEBS Journal
|September 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary

System II (Ccs system) facilitates cytochrome c maturation in diverse bacteria and chloroplasts. This review details the structure and function of its components, advancing understanding of this vital post-translational process.

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A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry
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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

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Published on: July 20, 2022

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A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 13, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cytochromes c are essential proteins involved in electron transport.
  • Their biogenesis requires a complex enzymatic machinery for heme attachment.
  • System II (Ccs system) is a key pathway for cytochrome c maturation across various organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the structure, function, and specificity of System II components.
  • To outline current challenges in understanding cytochrome c biogenesis.
  • To highlight the role of CcsBA fusion proteins in functional studies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on System II components.
  • Analysis of structural and functional data for CcsA, CcsB, CcdA, and CcsX.
  • Examination of studies on CcsBA fusion proteins in ε-proteobacteria.

Main Results:

  • System II involves periplasmic reduction, heme transport, and stereospecific heme attachment.
  • Key components include the cytochrome c synthase (CcsA/ResC, CcsB/ResB) and heme attachment motif reducers (CcdA, CcsX/ResA).
  • Some bacteria utilize CcsBA fusion proteins for a streamlined cytochrome c maturation process.

Conclusions:

  • System II is a conserved and crucial pathway for cytochrome c biogenesis.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the structure-function relationships of individual components.
  • Understanding System II offers insights into post-translational protein modification and evolution.