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Related Concept Videos

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
The somatosensory system is divided into three main pathways: the dorsal (or posterior) column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic (or anterolateral), and spinocerebellar pathways.
The dorsal...
Pain01:20

Pain

Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...
Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...

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Related Experiment Video

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In-Vivo Calcium Imaging of Sensory Neurons in the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion
04:39

In-Vivo Calcium Imaging of Sensory Neurons in the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion

Published on: February 9, 2024

A trigeminoreticular pathway: implications in pain.

W Michael Panneton1, Qi Gan, Robert S Livergood

  • 1Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America. pannetwm@slu.edu

Plos One
|September 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Neurons in the caudalmost ventrolateral medulla (cmVLM) receive pain signals from the head and neck. This study identifies a new trigeminoreticular pathway involved in regulating deep pain perception.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Neuroanatomy

Background:

  • Neurons in the caudalmost ventrolateral medulla (cmVLM) are known to respond to noxious stimuli.
  • Previous research indicated efferent projections from the cmVLM are involved in pain processing and modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the projections from the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) to the cmVLM.
  • To identify neurons in the cmVLM activated by noxious stimulation of the temporalis muscle.
  • To elucidate a potential new pathway for regulating deep head and neck pain.

Main Methods:

  • Anatomical tracing techniques (BDA, FG) to map projections between the MDH, cmVLM, and parabrachial complex (PBil).
  • Capsaicin injections into the temporalis muscle followed by immunohistochemistry for c-Fos to identify activated neurons.
  • Immunohistochemistry for neuropeptides and receptors (Substance P, NK1, CGRP, Leucine Enkephalin, TRPV2, NPY) in the cmVLM.

Main Results:

  • Projections were identified from superficial laminae (I and II) of the MDH to the cmVLM.
  • Capsaicin stimulation activated neurons in the dorsomedial trigeminocervical complex (TCC), cmVLM, lateral medulla, and PBil.
  • The cmVLM displayed dense staining for various pain-related peptides and receptors.

Conclusions:

  • The MDH-cmVLM projection is crucial for processing head and neck pain.
  • A novel trigeminoreticular pathway involving the TCC, cmVLM, lateral medulla, and PBil is proposed for deep pain regulation.
  • This pathway may be the trigeminal homologue of the spinoreticulothalamic pathway.