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Updated: May 29, 2026

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults
Published on: October 19, 2014
Evidence for an encounter expectancy bias in fear of spiders
Tatjana Aue1, Marie-Eve Hoeppli
1Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. tatjana.aue@unige.ch
Abstract:
Whereas research has demonstrated that phobic or fearful individuals overestimate the likelihood of incurring aversive consequences from an encounter with feared stimuli, it has not yet been systematically investigated whether these individuals also overestimate the likelihood (i.e., the frequency) of such encounters. In the current study, spider-fearful and control participants were presented with background information that allowed them to estimate the overall likelihood that different kinds of animals (spiders, snakes, or birds) would be encountered. Spider-fearful participants systematically overestimated the likelihood of encountering a spider with respect to the likelihood of encountering a snake or a bird. No such expectancy bias was observed in control participants. The results thus strengthen our idea that there indeed exist two different types of expectancy bias in high fear and phobia that can be related to different components of the fear response. A conscientious distinction and examination of these two types of expectancy bias are of potential interest for therapeutic applications.
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