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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Clinical update: hepatitis B.

Tram T Tran1

  • 1Dr. Tran is the Medical Director of Liver Transplantation at Cedars Sinai Medical Center and Assistant Professor of Medicine at Geffen UCLA School of Medicine.

Gastroenterology & Hepatology
|October 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) affects millions globally, especially in Asia. New treatments offer viral suppression with fewer resistance issues, guiding therapy by viral load and liver disease severity.

Keywords:
adefovir dipivoxilcirrhosisentecavirhepatitis Bhepatocellular carcinomalamivudinetelbivudine

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

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Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a significant global health issue, with high prevalence in Asian populations.
  • Complications include cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, with high viral replication potentially worsening outcomes.
  • Evolving definitions of normal transaminases influence treatment initiation decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding and management of Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB).
  • To highlight recent advancements in treatment options and guidelines.
  • To discuss factors influencing treatment decisions and future therapeutic directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature and clinical data on CHB.
  • Analysis of treatment guidelines and therapeutic outcomes.
  • Examination of factors influencing treatment duration and resistance.

Main Results:

  • Newer therapies provide effective viral suppression with reduced resistance compared to lamivudine.
  • Treatment decisions are increasingly guided by viral replication, ALT levels, and liver disease severity.
  • Therapy duration varies, aiming for HBeAg seroconversion or sustained viral suppression.

Conclusions:

  • Current CHB management emphasizes personalized treatment based on disease parameters.
  • Ongoing research into novel agents and combination therapies is crucial for future advancements.
  • Effective management requires consideration of treatment duration and potential for viral resistance.