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Related Concept Videos

Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans
11:07

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

Published on: December 19, 2014

Cryptococcus neoformans modulates extracellular killing by neutrophils.

Asfia Qureshi1, Angus Grey, Kristie L Rose

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|October 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Cryptococcus neoformans, particularly melanized cells, impairs neutrophil killing activity. Host sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) activation during infection is partly independent of T and NK cells.

Keywords:
fungal infection, Cryptococcus neoformansimmunodeficient miceneutrophilssphingolipidsphingomyelin

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

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Published on: October 21, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Mycology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Host sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) regulates neutrophil killing of Cryptococcus neoformans.
  • The role of SMS in immunocompromised states against C. neoformans is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of C. neoformans on neutrophil killing activity and survival.
  • To determine if SMS activation is T and NK cell-dependent during C. neoformans infection in immunocompromised mice.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro and in vivo analysis of neutrophil viability and killing activity.
  • Exposure of neutrophils to live and heat-killed C. neoformans.
  • Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization tissue imaging to assess sphingomyelin levels in infected lungs.

Main Results:

  • C. neoformans, unlike Candida albicans, did not affect neutrophil viability regardless of cell presence or capsule size.
  • Melanized C. neoformans cells completely abolished neutrophil killing activity.
  • Pre-incubation with live C. neoformans inhibited neutrophil killing activity.
  • Sphingomyelin levels were elevated at early infection sites in T and NK cell-deficient mice, indicating partial independence of SMS activation.

Conclusions:

  • C. neoformans can negatively regulate neutrophil killing capacity.
  • Sphingomyelin synthase activation in neutrophils during C. neoformans infection is partially independent of T and NK cells.