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Related Concept Videos

Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Comprehensive Characterization of Tissue Mineralization in an Ex Vivo Model
07:29

Comprehensive Characterization of Tissue Mineralization in an Ex Vivo Model

Published on: September 27, 2024

Periosteum: a highly underrated tool in dentistry.

Ajay Mahajan1

  • 1Department of Periodontics, Himachal Pradesh Government Dental College and Hospital, Snowdown, Shimla 171001, India.

International Journal of Dentistry
|October 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Periosteum, a membrane from the patient's mouth, is a powerful source for bone regeneration in dentistry. Its immense regenerative potential is currently underestimated, highlighting a need for greater clinical application.

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Area of Science:

  • Dental regenerative medicine
  • Tissue engineering
  • Oral and maxillofacial surgery

Background:

  • The primary objective in dental treatments is restoring lost tissues and alveolar bone.
  • Periosteal cells, when cultured, exhibit the ability to form extracellular matrix and generate membranous structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the existing literature on the regenerative capabilities of periosteum.
  • To explore the potential applications of periosteum in dental tissue engineering and regeneration.
  • To highlight the underutilization of periosteum in dentistry compared to general medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on periosteum in regenerative medicine.
  • Analysis of periosteal cell behavior in vitro.
  • Evaluation of periosteum as a cell source for bone tissue engineering.

Main Results:

  • Periosteum is an easily accessible autologous tissue source from the oral cavity with minimal donor site morbidity.
  • Periosteal cells possess significant regenerative potential for bone and tissue engineering.
  • The regenerative capacity of periosteum in dentistry is largely underestimated.

Conclusions:

  • Periosteum represents a promising and valuable resource for bone regeneration in dental applications.
  • Further research and clinical trials are warranted to fully exploit the regenerative potential of periosteum in dentistry.
  • Integrating periosteum-based strategies could significantly advance dental tissue regeneration outcomes.