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Updated: May 28, 2026
06:57
Use of an Integrated Low-Flow Anesthetic Vaporizer, Ventilator, and Physiological Monitoring System for Rodents
Published on: July 9, 2020
Review article: closed-loop systems in anesthesia: is there a potential for closed-loop fluid management and
Joseph Rinehart1, Ngai Liu, Brenton Alexander
1Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, USA.
Anesthesia and Analgesia
|October 4, 2011
Summary
Closed-loop controllers, while common elsewhere, are rare in anesthesiology. Advances in fluid responsiveness predictors and noninvasive monitoring may enable their use for automated fluid administration.
Area of Science:
- Anesthesiology
- Biomedical Engineering
- Critical Care Medicine
Background:
- Closed-loop controllers are ubiquitous in daily life but underutilized in anesthesiology due to physiologic complexity and data acquisition challenges.
- Recent advancements in dynamic fluid responsiveness predictors and noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring are paving the way for closed-loop systems in medicine.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the history and current status of closed-loop controllers in clinical settings.
- To discuss the understanding and limitations of dynamic predictors of fluid responsiveness.
- To explore the potential integration of these predictors into closed-loop fluid administration systems.
Main Methods:
- Review of historical applications of closed-loop controllers in healthcare.
- Analysis of current research on dynamic predictors of fluid responsiveness.
- Examination of technological advancements in noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring.
Main Results:
- Dynamic predictors of fluid responsiveness offer a robust control variable for automated fluid management.
- Noninvasive monitoring technologies facilitate goal-directed therapy across diverse patient populations and settings.
- Integration of these elements could enable sophisticated closed-loop fluid administration.
Conclusions:
- Closed-loop fluid administration systems are becoming increasingly feasible in anesthesiology.
- Further research and development are needed to overcome existing limitations and optimize these systems for patient care.
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