Melasma: a clinico-epidemiological study of 312 cases

Area of Science:

• Dermatology
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis of skin disorders

Background:

• Melasma is an acquired skin hyperpigmentation disorder presenting as symmetrical, gray-brown patches, predominantly on sun-exposed areas.
• Its exact pathogenesis remains unclear, though genetic predisposition, hormonal influences, and UV radiation are considered significant contributing factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To elucidate the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of melasma.
• To identify precipitating and aggravating factors associated with melasma development and exacerbation.

Main Methods:

• A prospective study involving 312 patients diagnosed with melasma over one year.
• Data collection included patient demographics, clinical presentation, Wood light examination findings, and self-reported triggering factors.

Main Results:

• The study found a female preponderance (4:1 ratio) with a mean age of onset at 29.99 years.
• Sun exposure (55.12%), pregnancy (56/250 females), and oral contraceptives (46/250 females) were common triggers. Centrofacial pattern and dermal melasma were most prevalent.
• A positive family history was noted in 33.33% of patients, and 20 patients had co-existing hypothyroidism.

Conclusions:

• While the precise etiology of melasma is unknown, this study reinforces the multifactorial nature of the disorder.
• Identifying specific causative and provocative factors is crucial for understanding and managing melasma effectively.