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Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Enormous disfiguring thyroid swelling.

Saurav Chakravartty¹, Krishnendu Maiti

¹Department of Surgery, Medical College, Kolkata, Kolkata, India.

The Indian Journal of Surgery

|October 4, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A large, multinodular goiter caused significant tracheal compression in a 35-year-old woman. Surgical removal was successful without complications, confirming a benign goiter diagnosis.

Keywords:

Huge goitre Thyroid tracheal pressure

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Surgical Oncology
Pathology

Background:

A 35-year-old woman presented with a massive, long-standing multinodular goiter.
The goiter measured 17x11x14 cm and caused significant tracheal compression.
Despite its size, the patient was not toxic and had no intrathoracic extension.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the successful surgical management of a huge multinodular goiter.
To highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic approach for large goiters with tracheal compression.

Main Methods:

Clinical presentation and physical examination.
Computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck to assess extent and compression.
Surgical excision via a long transverse incision with strap muscle division.
Histopathological examination for definitive diagnosis.

Main Results:

The patient underwent endotracheal intubation and surgical removal of the goiter.
No tracheostomy was required, and the postoperative period was uneventful.
Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of goiter.

Conclusions:

Large multinodular goiters can be managed surgically with good outcomes.
Careful preoperative assessment and surgical technique are crucial for safe excision.
Benign goiters, even when massive, can be treated effectively without major complications.