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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Published on: March 17, 2023

Transient congenital hypothyroidism.

Nisha Bhavani1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|October 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal screening identifies transient thyroid issues in newborns, often linked to prematurity. Recognizing these conditions prevents unnecessary treatment and parental anxiety.

Keywords:
Hyperthyrotropinemiahypothyroxinemiatransient congenital hypothyroidism

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Endocrinology
  • Thyroid Physiology

Background:

  • Transient thyroid dysfunction is increasingly detected in newborns due to improved survival rates of premature infants.
  • Common causes include iodine imbalance, maternal factors (antibodies, antithyroid drugs), DUOX2 mutations, and prematurity.
  • These conditions affect either the thyroid gland directly or the pituitary gland's regulation of thyroid function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes and implications of transient thyroid function abnormalities in newborns.
  • To highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis to guide appropriate management.
  • To differentiate transient conditions from permanent thyroid disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neonatal thyroid screening and transient thyroid dysfunction.
  • Analysis of etiological factors contributing to transient hypo- and hyperthyroidism in neonates.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and follow-up recommendations.

Main Results:

  • Transient thyroid abnormalities are common in premature infants and identified via neonatal screening.
  • Causes range from maternal factors and iodine exposure to genetic mutations and prematurity.
  • Isolated hyperthyrotropinemia can indicate subclinical hypothyroidism, while transient hypothyroxinemia is frequent in preemies.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate identification of transient neonatal thyroid dysfunction is crucial.
  • Observation is often sufficient, but some cases, like those from maternal TSHR antibodies, may require treatment.
  • Distinguishing transient from permanent thyroid issues prevents unnecessary thyroxine supplementation and parental distress.