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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Videos

Thyroid disorders in India: An epidemiological perspective.

Ambika Gopalakrishnan Unnikrishnan1, Usha V Menon

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|October 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid diseases affect 42 million Indians, with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter, Hashimoto

Keywords:
HypothyroidismIndiathyroid

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Thyroid diseases represent a significant global health concern.
  • India faces a substantial burden of thyroid-related conditions, impacting millions.
  • An estimated 42 million individuals in India are affected by various thyroid disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology of five common thyroid diseases in India.
  • To cover hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer.
  • To highlight ongoing research on normal thyroid hormone reference ranges in India.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological studies on thyroid diseases in India.
  • Focus on prevalence and incidence data for key thyroid conditions.
  • Inclusion of information on current research for thyroid hormone levels.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid disorders are highly prevalent across India.
  • Specific data on hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer are discussed.
  • Research is underway to establish accurate thyroid hormone reference ranges for Indian populations.

Conclusions:

  • There is a considerable public health challenge posed by thyroid diseases in India.
  • Understanding the epidemiology is crucial for targeted interventions.
  • Establishing precise reference ranges for thyroid hormones is essential for accurate diagnosis and management, particularly in vulnerable groups like pregnant women and children.