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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Central hypothyroidism.

Vishal Gupta1, Marilyn Lee

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, 15-Deshmukh Marg, Mumbai - 400 026, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|October 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Central hypothyroidism, caused by inadequate thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), affects 1 in 80,000. Diagnosis involves low TSH with normal thyroid hormones, treated with levothyroxine.

Keywords:
Hypothyroidismcentral hypothyroidismhypopituitarismlevothyroxinepanhypopituitarismsecondary hypothyroidismtertiary hypothyroidismthyroid stimulating hormonethyrotropin releasing hormone

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Thyroidology

Background:

  • Central hypothyroidism results from insufficient thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) impacting a normal thyroid gland.
  • It encompasses secondary (pituitary) and tertiary (hypothalamic) origins, with varying causes in children and adults.
  • Prevalence is estimated between 1 in 80,000 to 1 in 120,000.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define central hypothyroidism and outline its diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
  • To highlight key clinical features and etiological factors in different age groups.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on identifying normal to low-normal TSH levels alongside low-normal thyroid hormones.
  • Confirmation involves a thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test.
  • Therapeutic strategies focus on levothyroxine titration.

Main Results:

  • Fatigue and peripheral edema are identified as the most specific clinical manifestations.
  • Common causes in children include craniopharyngiomas and cranial irradiation.
  • Adult causes often involve pituitary macroadenomas, surgery, or post-irradiation effects.

Conclusions:

  • Central hypothyroidism requires careful diagnosis based on hormonal profiles and stimulation tests.
  • Effective management involves levothyroxine therapy aimed at symptom resolution and maintaining optimal free T4 levels.