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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
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Recognition confidence under violated and confirmed memory expectations.

Antonio Jaeger1, Justin C Cox, Ian G Dobbins

  • 1Department of Psychology, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA. antonio.jaeger@gmail.com

Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
|October 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

External cues influence memory accuracy but not confidence, especially for correct rejections. Dual process models explain how familiarity and recollection processes interact to dampen external cue effects on memory confidence.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Memory experiences often align with those of others.
  • External recommendations can increase item familiarity.
  • Understanding sensitivity to external memory cues is vital for memory conformity and eyewitness suggestibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how individuals use external cues for recognition decisions.
  • To examine the impact of external cues on memory accuracy and confidence.
  • To test a dual process recognition model.

Main Methods:

  • Recognition accuracy and confidence were measured following external cues predicting memory probe status.
  • Bootstrap-informed Monte Carlo simulations were used.
  • Source memory experiments were conducted to test the model.

Main Results:

  • Accuracy decreased with invalid cues.
  • Hit confidence was higher than correct-rejection confidence.
  • Cue validity significantly impacted correct-rejection confidence but not hit confidence.
  • Source memory confidence was unaffected by cue validity.

Conclusions:

  • Dual process recognition models, involving familiarity and recollection, explain the dampened influence of external cues on confidence.
  • External cues primarily affect memory accuracy, not confidence, particularly when recollection is involved.