Assembly and photonic properties of superparamagnetic colloids in complex magnetic fields

Interparticle magnetic dipole force has been found to drive the formation of dynamic superparamagnetic colloidal particle chains that can lead to the creation of photonic nanostructures with rapidly and reversibly tunable structural colors in the visible and near-infrared spectrum. Although most studies on magnetic assembly utilize simple permanent magnets or electromagnets, magnetic fields, in principle, can be more complex, allowing the localized modulation of assembly and subsequent creation of complex superstructures. To explore the potential applications of a magnetically tunable photonic system, we study the assembly of magnetic colloidal particles in the complex magnetic field produced by a nonideal linear Halbach array. We demonstrate that a horizontal magnetic field sandwiched between two vertical fields would allow one to change the orientation of the particle chains, producing a high contrast in color patterns. A phase transition of Fe(3)O(4)@SiO(2) particles from linear particle chains to three-dimensional crystals is found to be determined by the interplay of the magnetic dipole force and packing force, as well as the strong electrostatic force. While a color pattern with tunable structures and diffractions can be instantly created when the particles are assembled in the form of linear chains in the regions with vertical fields, the large field gradient in the horizontal orientation may destabilize the chain structures and produces a pattern of 3D crystals that compliments that of initial chain assemblies. Our study not only demonstrates the great potential of magnetically responsive photonic structures in the visual graphic applications such as signage and security documents but also points out the potential challenge in pattern stability when the particle assemblies are subjected to complex magnetic fields that often involve large field gradients.