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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Toxicity Screens in Human Retinal Organoids for Pharmaceutical Discovery

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Published on: March 4, 2021

Type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia.

Dhananjay Shukla¹, Shashank R Gupta, Nithya Neelakantan

¹Retina-Vitreous Service, Aravind Eye Hospital & Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. daksh66@gmail.com

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)

|October 5, 2011

Summary

Most patients with Type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia maintain good vision, with sight-threatening complications developing in a minority. This study tracked visual outcomes and subretinal neovascular membranes (SRNV) over approximately 3 years.

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Published on: February 19, 2014

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Retinal Diseases
Medical Research

Background:

Type 2 idiopathic macular telangiectasia (IMT) is a retinal condition affecting central vision.
Understanding its natural course is crucial for patient management and prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the natural progression of Type 2 IMT.
To analyze visual outcomes, causes of vision loss, and the incidence of subretinal neovascular membranes (SRNV).

Main Methods:

Retrospective observational case series.
Chart review of 104 outpatients with Type 2 IMT diagnosed via clinical examination and fluorescein angiography.
Minimum follow-up of 1 year, with a mean follow-up of 31 months.

Main Results:

Mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) declined overall, but 77% of eyes with baseline BCVA ≥ 20/40 retained stable vision.
Subretinal neovascular membranes (SRNV) developed in 14% of eyes, associated with poorer visual outcomes.
Main causes of vision loss were SRNV and intraretinal pigment migration.

Conclusions:

Most eyes with Type 2 IMT and good initial vision maintain their status quo over ~3 years.
Sight-threatening complications like SRNV affect a minority of patients.
The majority of patients retain good vision in at least one eye.