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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Meiosis I03:09

Meiosis I

Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
12:06

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

Nuclear reprogramming in mouse primordial germ cells: epigenetic contribution.

Massimo De Felici1

  • 1Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00173 Rome, Italy.

Stem Cells International
|October 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic reprogramming in mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) is crucial for germ line development and totipotency. This process involves genome-wide modifications, enabling PGCs to become pluripotent stem cells, potentially leading to germ cell tumors or embryonic germ (EG) cells in vitro.

More Related Videos

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
12:06

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Germ cells transmit genetic information across generations.
  • Epigenetic reprogramming is essential for germ cell development and totipotency.
  • Primordial germ cells (PGCs) undergo genome-wide epigenetic modifications during embryonic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the role of epigenetic modifications in nuclear reprogramming of mouse PGCs.
  • To explore the link between epigenetic reprogramming, pluripotency, and germ cell development.
  • To discuss the potential transformation of PGCs into pluripotent stem cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on epigenetic reprogramming in mouse PGCs.
  • Analysis of genome-wide epigenetic modifications during PGC development.
  • Examination of pluripotency gene expression in PGCs.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming is critical for germ line development and erasing parental imprinting.
  • PGCs acquire a pluripotent state due to reprogramming and pluripotency gene expression.
  • This reprogramming can lead to in vivo germ cell tumors or in vitro embryonic germ (EG) cell formation.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic modifications are fundamental to nuclear reprogramming in mouse PGCs.
  • The reprogramming process underlies PGC totipotency and their potential for stem cell transformation.
  • Understanding PGC reprogramming is key to understanding germ cell development and related pathologies.