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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

iPS Cell Differentiation

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

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Updated: May 28, 2026

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

Avian-induced pluripotent stem cells derived using human reprogramming factors.

Yangqing Lu¹, Franklin D West, Brian J Jordan

¹State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.

Stem Cells and Development

|October 6, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed the first avian induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from quail. These quail iPSCs can form all germ layers and generate chimeric birds, advancing developmental biology research.

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Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

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Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Research
Genetics

Background:

Avian species are crucial models in developmental biology and disease research.
The lack of clonal, highly proliferative pluripotent stem cell lines in birds has limited genetic studies.
Mammalian induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have revolutionized gene function studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To generate the first nonmammalian iPSCs from avian species.
To establish clonally isolated and highly proliferative pluripotent avian cell lines.
To investigate the conserved mechanisms of cellular reprogramming across species.

Main Methods:

Utilized human pluripotency genes to reprogram avian cells.
Clonally isolated and propagated induced pluripotent stem cells from quail (qiPSCs).
Differentiated qiPSCs in vitro and generated chimeric birds in vivo.

Main Results:

Successfully generated the first avian iPSCs (qiPSCs), which were clonally isolated and proliferative.
Demonstrated that qiPSCs can differentiate into neural cell types (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons) in vitro.
Showcased the ability of qiPSCs to generate live chimeric birds, integrating into multiple tissue types including germline potential.

Conclusions:

The generation of qiPSCs represents a significant breakthrough, providing a pluripotent cell line for avian research.
The use of human genes for reprogramming suggests a conserved mechanism across mammals and non-mammals.
These findings offer valuable genetic tools for avian developmental biology and disease research, previously limited to mammals.