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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
04:01

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: September 15, 2023

Total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid diseases.

Pietro Accetta1, Italo Accetta, Antonio Carlos Accetta

  • 1Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. pietroaccetta@globo.com

Revista Do Colegio Brasileiro De Cirurgioes
|October 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Total thyroidectomy is a safe and effective surgical option for benign thyroid diseases, significantly reducing the risk of recurrence and the need for reoperation. This procedure offers a low rate of permanent complications, making it a preferred choice for many patients.

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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

Published on: November 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Thyroidology

Background:

  • Benign thyroid diseases often require surgical intervention to manage symptoms or prevent complications.
  • Recurrence and reoperation are significant concerns following conservative thyroid surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate total thyroidectomy as a primary surgical approach for specific benign thyroid conditions.
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of total thyroidectomy in preventing disease recurrence and subsequent surgeries.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of patients with benign thyroid diseases treated between January 1997 and December 2009.
  • Data collected included patient demographics, surgical procedures, and postoperative outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The study included 77 patients with a mean age of 51.8 years, predominantly in their fifth and sixth decades.
  • Nontoxic multinodular goiter was the most frequent diagnosis (56.1%), followed by autoimmune thyroiditis (33.3%).
  • Permanent recurrent nerve injury occurred in 1.5% of patients, with no cases of permanent hypoparathyroidism or operative mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Total thyroidectomy is a safe procedure for benign thyroid diseases with a low incidence of permanent complications.
  • Broadening the indications for total thyroidectomy can effectively prevent disease recurrence and the need for reoperations.