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Related Concept Videos

Ethical Dilemmas I01:17

Ethical Dilemmas I

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Ethical dilemmas in nursing are of utmost importance, as they often arise from the tension between adhering to core ethical principles and the practical realities of healthcare delivery. These dilemmas require nurses to navigate complex situations where competing ethical considerations pull them in different directions.
Let us explore some examples to understand the potentially complex moral decisions nurses face.
Take the case of caring for minors, particularly in areas related to reproductive...
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Plant Hormones01:56

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Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
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Types of Hormones01:21

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Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
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Ethical Dilemmas II01:30

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Resolving an ethical dilemma in healthcare involves a systematic approach that considers every aspect of the issue, respecting both the patient's needs and values and the healthcare professional's ethical obligations. Here are potential steps to resolve an ethical dilemma:
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
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Growth hormone therapy: emerging dilemmas.

Zvi Laron1

  • 1Endocrinology & Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. Laronz@clalit.org.il

Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER
|October 7, 2011
PubMed
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Human growth hormone (hGH) therapy has evolved significantly. While effective for GH deficiency, its use in short stature without disease is debated due to cost and limited final height gains, with long-acting forms in development.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Human growth hormone (hGH) discovery and isolation took decades.
  • Early hGH therapy involved extraction from cadavers, limiting use to severe deficiency.
  • Recombinant hGH (1985) expanded indications but requires careful evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the present and future applications of human growth hormone (hGH) therapy.
  • To assess the effectiveness and long-term outcomes of hGH treatment.
  • To examine the cost-benefit analysis and emerging alternative formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of postmarketing surveillance data and published studies on hGH treatment effectiveness.
  • Analysis of long-term adverse effects, including malignancies and mortality.
  • Evaluation of cost-effectiveness for treating short stature in non-GH deficient children.

Main Results:

  • hGH treatment is essential for GH deficient children.
  • Long-term data on final height and adverse effects are often limited.
  • High dosages can lead to serious adverse events, including increased malignancy risk and mortality.

Conclusions:

  • The efficacy and cost-benefit of hGH for non-pathological short stature remain debated.
  • Long-acting hGH preparations are under investigation to improve patient compliance.
  • Future research should focus on long-term safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of all hGH formulations.