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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

Transient hyperammonemia in seizures: a prospective study.

Tzu-Yao Hung1, Chien-Chih Chen, Tzong-Luen Wang

  • 1Emergency Department, Keelung Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Keelung, Taiwan.

Epilepsia
|October 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transient hyperammonemia is common in patients with seizures, particularly generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures. Ammonia levels normalize within 8 hours, and specific management is not required.

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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Published on: December 6, 2016

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
10:22

Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy

Published on: December 6, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Transient hyperammonemia is a recognized, yet not fully understood, complication in patients experiencing seizures.
  • Understanding its incidence, duration, and associated factors is crucial for accurate diagnosis and patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence and duration of transient hyperammonemia following seizures.
  • To identify significant confounding factors associated with transient hyperammonemia in seizure patients.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 121 noncirrhotic adult patients admitted with seizures.
  • Assessment of plasma ammonia levels, basic parameters, systemic diseases, and seizure-related conditions.
  • Classification of patients into hyperammonemia and non-hyperammonemia groups for comparative analysis of adverse events.

Main Results:

  • Hyperammonemia was observed in 67.77% of seizure patients.
  • Significantly higher ammonia levels were found in generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures compared to non-GTC seizures.
  • Factors associated with hyperammonemia included GTC seizures, male gender, bicarbonate levels, diabetes, and alcohol-related seizures.

Conclusions:

  • Transient hyperammonemia in seizure patients is linked to GTC seizures, male gender, bicarbonate, diabetes, and alcohol use.
  • Ammonia levels should be assessed within 8 hours post-seizure, as they typically normalize spontaneously.
  • Hyperammonemia on arrival does not necessarily correlate with adverse outcomes, and ammonia-lowering treatments are generally not indicated.