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Updated: May 28, 2026

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens
Published on: April 18, 2013
Anatomical variations of hepatic veins: three-dimensional computed tomography scans of 200 subjects
Chi-Hua Fang1, Jin-Hua You, Wan Yee Lau
1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, The Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China. fangch_dr@126.com
Background:
The impact of hepatic venous anatomic variations on hepatic resection and transplantation is the least understood aspect of liver surgery.
Methods:
A prospective three-dimensional computed tomography study was undertaken on 200 consecutive subjects with normal livers to determine the prevalence of surgically significant hepatic venous anatomic variations.
Results:
The prevailing pattern of the three hepatic veins in these subjects was a right hepatic vein (RHV) and a common trunk for the middle (MHV) and left (LHV) hepatic veins (122/200, 61%). The remaining patients had the RHV, MHV, and LHV draining independently into the inferior vena cava (IVC). In 39% of patients, the RHV was small and was compensated by a large right inferior hepatic vein (21.0%), an accessory RHV (8.5%) or a well-developed MHV (6.5%). A segment 4 vein was seen in 51.5% of patients. This segment 4 vein joined the LHV (26%), the MHV (17.5%), or the IVC (8%). An umbilical vein and a segment 4 vein were seen in 3.5% of patients. These two veins joined either the LHV (2.0%) or the MHV (1.5%).
Conclusions:
Knowing the variations of hepatic veins before surgery is useful during both partial hepatectomy and donor operations for living related liver transplantation.
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