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Related Concept Videos

Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

Mechanism of Angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Autoregulation of Blood Flow01:17

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
Chemical Signaling in Autoregulation
Chemical signaling operates at the precapillary sphincter level, inciting either contraction or relaxation.
Structure of Blood Vessels01:15

Structure of Blood Vessels

Blood is circulated throughout the human body through a network of blood vessels called the circulatory system. This system includes arteries that transport blood from the heart to various body parts. These arterial pathways divide into smaller vessels until they reach the arterioles, which further split into capillaries. It is within these minuscule capillaries that the exchange of nutrients and waste products takes place. After this exchange, the blood is collected by venules, which fuse to...

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Related Experiment Video

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Early Unguided Human Brain Organoid Neurovascular Niche Modeling into the Permissive Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane
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Neuronal action on the developing blood vessel pattern.

Jennifer M James1, Yoh-suke Mukouyama

  • 1Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/6C103, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|October 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The nervous system shapes its blood vessels for survival and function. This neuro-vascular congruence ensures proper development and maintenance in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vascular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The nervous system requires a specialized vascular network for development and neuronal survival.
  • Both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) utilize mechanisms to tailor vascular trees to metabolic needs.
  • Examples include nerve-artery alignment in the PNS and blood-brain barrier development in the CNS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss how the nervous system directly influences blood vessel patterning.
  • To highlight the resulting neuro-vascular congruence.
  • To explain the maintenance of this congruence throughout development and adulthood.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent evidence on neuro-vascular interactions.
  • Analysis of mechanisms for vascular shaping in CNS and PNS.
  • Discussion of factors contributing to neuro-vascular congruence.

Main Results:

  • The nervous system actively shapes its vascular supply.
  • Specific mechanisms exist in both CNS and PNS to meet metabolic demands.
  • Neuro-vascular congruence is established and maintained from development into adulthood.

Conclusions:

  • The nervous system exerts direct control over blood vessel patterning.
  • This control leads to neuro-vascular congruence, essential for nervous system health.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for both normal function and potential therapeutic interventions.