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Related Concept Videos

Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Hemoglobin01:24

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...
Blood Pressure Imbalances and Circulatory Shock01:24

Blood Pressure Imbalances and Circulatory Shock

Disorders affecting blood volume, vascular tone, or vascular function can disrupt vascular homeostasis, including conditions like hypertension, hemorrhage, and shock.
Blood Pressure: Hypertension and Hypotension
Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure is 120-129/under 80 mm Hg. Hypertension, warranting treatment at 130/80 mm Hg, is often asymptomatic and can lead to severe cardiovascular events, aneurysms, peripheral arterial disease, chronic renal disease, or cardiac...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Respiration and Gaseous Exchange01:20

Respiration and Gaseous Exchange

The intricate interplay between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is crucial for efficiently transporting respiratory gases throughout the body. Let us explore the cardiovascular system's multifaceted functions, emphasizing its pivotal role in gas exchange.
Respiration involves the exchange of gases, especially oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the alveoli and body cells, a process facilitated by blood circulation. As a result, the cardiovascular system, which involves the...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs
07:51

Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs

Published on: May 21, 2019

Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers for hemorrhagic shock.

Jonathan Elmer1, Hasan B Alam, Susan R Wilcox

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jelmer@partners.org

Resuscitation
|October 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) offer a promising alternative to traditional fluids for treating hemorrhagic shock by restoring blood volume and oxygen delivery. Second-generation HBOCs are now advancing through clinical trials, addressing previous safety concerns.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Hemorrhagic shock causes critical impairment of oxygen delivery and circulatory collapse.
  • Traditional resuscitation fluids have limitations, driving the need for alternatives.
  • Packed red blood cells have supply and immunomodulatory issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review limitations of traditional resuscitative fluids.
  • To discuss the history and toxicity mechanisms of early hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs).
  • To overview second-generation HBOCs in clinical development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of HBOC development and toxicity.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying HBOC toxicity.
  • Overview of current clinical trial status for second-generation HBOCs.

Main Results:

  • Early HBOCs faced challenges with safety and efficacy.
  • Understanding toxicity mechanisms has enabled the design of improved agents.
  • Second-generation HBOCs are progressing through advanced clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • HBOCs hold potential for treating hemorrhagic shock by enhancing oxygen transport.
  • Second-generation HBOCs aim to overcome the limitations of earlier versions.
  • Ongoing clinical trials will determine the safety and efficacy of new HBOCs.