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Related Concept Videos

Sustainable Development01:43

Sustainable Development

As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

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Model Surgical Training: Skills Acquisition in Fetoscopic Laser Photocoagulation of Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Placenta Using Realistic Simulators
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Twinning across the Developing World.

Jeroen Smits1, Christiaan Monden

  • 1Nijmegen Center for Economics, Institute for Management Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. j.smits@fm.ru.nl

Plos One
|October 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals significant global variations in twin birth rates, with high rates in Central Africa and low rates in Asia and Latin America. Twinning rates showed minimal changes over time.

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Area of Science:

  • Demography
  • Reproductive Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Limited data previously existed on twin birth rate variations in developing nations.
  • This study offers the first extensive analysis using reliable national survey data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively map and compare national twinning rates across the developing world.
  • To identify regional patterns and variations in twin birth incidence.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized birth history data from 1.38 million women (aged 15-49) across 75 low- and middle-income countries (1987-2010).
  • Analyzed 2.47 million births, calculating twinning incidence per thousand births.
  • Included data from China's 1990 census and presented both natural and age-standardized rates.

Main Results:

  • Identified very low twinning rates (6-9 per 1000 births) across South and Southeast Asia.
  • Documented high twinning rates (above 18 per 1000 births) in most Central African countries, not just Nigeria.
  • Observed similarly low twinning rates in Latin America as in Asia.

Conclusions:

  • Establishes a detailed geographical distribution of twinning rates globally.
  • Highlights significant regional disparities in twin birth incidence.
  • Provides the most comprehensive and comparable overview of twinning rates in developing countries to date.