Shielded hydrogen bonds as structural determinants of binding kinetics: application in drug design

Time scale control of molecular interactions is an essential part of biochemical systems, but very little is known about the structural factors governing the kinetics of molecular recognition. In drug design, the lifetime of drug-target complexes is a major determinant of pharmacological effects but the absence of structure-kinetic relationships precludes rational optimization of this property. Here we show that almost buried polar atoms--a common feature on protein binding sites--tend to form hydrogen bonds that are shielded from water. Formation and rupture of this type of hydrogen bonds involves an energetically penalized transition state because it occurs asynchronously with dehydration/rehydration. In consequence, water-shielded hydrogen bonds are exchanged at slower rates. Occurrence of this phenomenon can be anticipated from simple structural analysis, affording a novel tool to interpret and predict structure-kinetics relationships. The validity of this principle has been investigated on two pairs of Hsp90 inhibitors for which detailed thermodynamic and kinetic data has been experimentally determined. The agreement between macroscopic observables and molecular simulations confirms the role of water-shielded hydrogen bonds as kinetic traps and illustrates how our finding could be used as an aid in structure-based drug discovery.