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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
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Updated: May 28, 2026

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
12:42

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Published on: June 17, 2008

Mitochondrial bioenergetic function and metabolic plasticity in stem cell differentiation and cellular reprogramming.

Chien-Tsun Chen1, Shu-Han Hsu, Yau-Huei Wei

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|October 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Stem cell metabolism, including glycolysis and mitochondrial function, is crucial for self-renewal and differentiation. Understanding these bioenergetic processes aids in isolating potent stem cells and improving reprogramming efficiency.

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Published on: September 24, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Stem cell self-renewal and differentiation are key for regenerative medicine.
  • Regulation of glycolysis and mitochondrial function in stem cells is poorly understood.
  • Cellular metabolism is strongly linked to stem cell pluripotency and differentiation potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulation of stem cell competence via bioenergetic function.
  • To discuss molecular mechanisms controlling stem cell metabolism.
  • To explore the role of metabolism in stem cell physiology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent findings on stem cell bioenergetics.
  • Focus on embryonic, hematopoietic, mesenchymal, and induced pluripotent stem cells.
  • Discussion of molecular mechanisms regulating stem cell metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic signatures correlate with stemness (glycolysis) and differentiation (mitochondrial function).
  • Mitochondrial rejuvenation plays a role in cellular reprogramming.
  • Bioenergetic function is critical for regulating stem cell physiology.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic regulation is vital for characterizing and isolating stem cells with enhanced differentiation potential.
  • Metabolic manipulation offers new strategies for efficient cellular reprogramming.
  • Understanding stem cell metabolism is essential for advancing regenerative medicine.