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Related Concept Videos

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
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Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
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Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of gastritis begins with the colonization of the stomach lining by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium spreads mainly via the oral-oral route through saliva or shared utensils, and can also be transmitted in overcrowded or unhygienic environments through contaminated water, despite its brief survival outside the body.ColonizationOnce ingested, H. pylori enters the stomach and begins colonization by navigating through the mucus layer lining the stomach wall. It...
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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Studying the Epithelial Effects of Intestinal Inflammation In Vitro on Established Murine Colonoids
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Studying the Epithelial Effects of Intestinal Inflammation In Vitro on Established Murine Colonoids

Published on: June 2, 2023

Genetically determined epithelial dysfunction and its consequences for microflora-host interactions.

Arthur Kaser1, Lukas Niederreiter, Richard S Blumberg

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. ak729@cam.ac.uk

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|October 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) control mucosal immune responses. Genetic studies reveal IEC pathways, like UPR and autophagy, are crucial for gut health and linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) risk.

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In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration
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In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration
14:14

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Published on: January 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The intestinal epithelium acts as a critical interface between the host and the gut microbiota.
  • Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play a key role in maintaining mucosal homeostasis and immune responses.
  • Dysregulation of IEC function is implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of specific genetic pathways within IECs in regulating mucosal immunity.
  • To understand how IECs influence the balance between homeostasis and inflammation in the gut.
  • To identify IEC-derived pathways as potential contributors to IBD pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized genetic models for targeted gene manipulation in IECs.
  • Examined pathways including the unfolded protein response (UPR), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy.
  • Investigated the NOD2/NF-κB signaling pathway and its regulation of autophagy.

Main Results:

  • Identified key IEC pathways, such as UPR and autophagy, that direct mucosal immune states.
  • Demonstrated the link between IEC function, autophagy, and Paneth cell activity.
  • Found that genes controlling these IEC pathways are significant genetic risk factors for human IBD.

Conclusions:

  • IECs are central regulators of mucosal immunity, influencing homeostasis and inflammation.
  • Pathways like UPR, autophagy, and NOD2/NF-κB signaling in IECs are critical for gut health.
  • IECs may represent a cellular origin for IBD and other inflammatory conditions.