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Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

Published on: August 8, 2025

Subscapularis tears.

Umile Giuseppe Longo, Alessandra Berton, Andrea Marinozzi

Medicine and Sport Science

|October 12, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Subscapularis tendon tears are common and often diagnosed with arthroscopy. Arthroscopic repair offers encouraging outcomes, comparable to open surgery, with low complication rates.

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Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

Published on: May 9, 2025

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Shoulder Anatomy

Background:

The subscapularis muscle is crucial for shoulder stability and function.
Subscapularis tendon tears are more prevalent than previously thought, often diagnosed arthroscopically.
Tears typically result from degeneration or impingement, presenting with anterior shoulder pain and functional limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the prevalence and diagnosis of subscapularis tendon tears.
To discuss the clinical presentation and diagnostic methods for subscapularis tears.
To review the management and outcomes of arthroscopic repair for subscapularis tears.

Main Methods:

Review of arthroscopic surgical techniques for rotator cuff repair.
Diagnostic imaging including MRI and ultrasound.
Clinical assessment using specific physical examination tests (e.g., lift-off test).

Main Results:

Arthroscopy allows accurate diagnosis of subscapularis tears, especially partial articular-sided tears.
Arthroscopic repair is effective, with tendon mobilization or footprint medialization enabling fixation.
Intermediate follow-up shows improved functional scores and patient satisfaction post-arthroscopic repair.

Conclusions:

Arthroscopic repair of subscapularis tears is a safe and successful procedure.
Outcomes of arthroscopic repair are comparable to open repair with minimal complications.
Restoring subscapularis function through operative management is key for shoulder health.