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Sanger Sequencing

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...

Next-generation Sequencing

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.

RNA-seq

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases.
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

Genomics

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Sequencing of mRNA from Whole Blood using Nanopore Sequencing

Sequencing of mRNA from Whole Blood using Nanopore Sequencing

Published on: June 3, 2019

Overview of DNA sequencing strategies.

Jay A Shendure¹, Gregory J Porreca, George M Church

¹Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Current Protocols in Molecular Biology

|October 12, 2011

Summary

This review covers seven DNA sequencing strategies, focusing on Sanger dideoxy sequencing and cyclic array methods. It highlights the rapid evolution of cost-effective technologies crucial for molecular biology advancements.

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Sequencing of mRNA from Whole Blood using Nanopore Sequencing

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Published on: June 3, 2019

Ultra-long Read Sequencing for Whole Genomic DNA Analysis

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Published on: March 15, 2019

Pyrosequencing for Microbial Identification and Characterization

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Published on: August 22, 2013

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genomics
Biotechnology

Background:

Efficient and cost-effective DNA sequencing is fundamental for progress in molecular biology.
The field has seen rapid technological advancements, necessitating updated overviews.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a high-level review of seven distinct DNA sequencing strategies.
To focus on Sanger dideoxy sequencing and cyclic array sequencing technologies.

Main Methods:

Review of seven DNA sequencing approaches: dideoxy, solid phase, sequencing-by-hybridization, mass spectrometry, cyclic array, microelectrophoresis, and nanopore sequencing.
Brief description of other platforms under development.
Emphasis on Sanger dideoxy sequencing (dominant since 1977) and cyclic array strategies (developed since 2005).

Main Results:

Identified and reviewed seven major DNA sequencing technologies.
Highlighted the historical dominance of Sanger dideoxy sequencing.
Noted the emergence and development of competitive cyclic array sequencing implementations.

Conclusions:

DNA sequencing technologies are diverse and rapidly evolving.
Sanger dideoxy sequencing and cyclic array strategies represent key approaches.
This overview serves as a snapshot of the field as of September 2011.