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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...
Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
DNA Isolation01:24

DNA Isolation

DNA isolation protocols can be fast and straightforward or complex and time-consuming depending on the type and quality of DNA required for further processing. For example, plasmid DNA extraction is a bit more complicated than genomic DNA extraction because of the need for an appropriate lysis method to separate plasmid DNA from gDNA during isolation. However, for specific applications, such as long-range DNA sequencing that require a good yield of high- quality DNA samples, we need to follow...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome
06:40

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

Published on: March 22, 2018

"First generation" automated DNA sequencing technology.

Barton E Slatko1, Jan Kieleczawa, Jingyue Ju

  • 1New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Protocols in Molecular Biology
|October 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Automated DNA sequencing, starting in the 1980s, boosted efficiency and lowered costs. First-generation automated Sanger sequencing remains valuable for various applications, with protocols provided for ABI machines.

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome
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Published on: March 22, 2018

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Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Published on: August 29, 2014

Sequencing of mRNA from Whole Blood using Nanopore Sequencing
11:26

Sequencing of mRNA from Whole Blood using Nanopore Sequencing

Published on: June 3, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Automation in DNA sequencing began in the 1980s, significantly improving throughput and reducing costs.
  • Technological advancements in enzymes, chemistry, separation, imaging, robotics, and computational tools supported sequencing automation.
  • Automated Sanger sequencing, despite newer high-throughput platforms, retains utility in numerous research and diagnostic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide background information on the development of automated DNA sequencing technology.
  • To describe "First-Generation" automated DNA sequencing.
  • To offer practical protocols for utilizing current Applied Biosystems (ABI) automated DNA sequencing instruments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical developments in DNA sequencing automation.
  • Description of the principles behind first-generation automated Sanger sequencing.
  • Inclusion of detailed protocols for operating ABI automated DNA sequencers.

Main Results:

  • Automation has dramatically enhanced DNA sequencing capabilities since the 1980s.
  • A comprehensive overview of early automated sequencing technology is presented.
  • Practical guidance for using modern ABI sequencing platforms is provided.

Conclusions:

  • Automated DNA sequencing has been a transformative technology in molecular biology.
  • First-generation automated Sanger sequencing continues to be a relevant and useful method.
  • The provided protocols facilitate the application of established sequencing techniques with current instrumentation.