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Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

Synthesis, structure and DFT study of a pyrazolate stabilized mononuclear Rh(II) complex.

W Jeffrey McCarty1, Xiaoping Yang, Richard A Jones

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|October 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized a rare mononuclear, paramagnetic rhodium(II) complex using a pyrazolate ligand and rhodium(III) chloride. This discovery advances understanding of rhodium coordination chemistry.

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Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
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Synthesis of a Water-soluble Metal&#8211;Organic Complex Array
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Synthesis of a Water-soluble Metal–Organic Complex Array

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

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10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
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Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex

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Synthesis of a Water-soluble Metal&#8211;Organic Complex Array
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Synthesis of a Water-soluble Metal–Organic Complex Array

Published on: October 8, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry

Background:

  • Rhodium complexes are vital in catalysis and materials science.
  • Mononuclear rhodium(II) species are exceptionally rare, limiting studies on their unique electronic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel mononuclear rhodium(II) complex.
  • To explore the reactivity of pyrazolate ligands with rhodium precursors.

Main Methods:

  • Reaction of lithium 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolate with anhydrous rhodium(III) chloride in tetrahydrofuran (THF).
  • Isolation and characterization of the resulting complex, [Li(THF)]2Rh(μ-3,5-(CF3)2Pz)4.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of a mononuclear rhodium(II) complex.
  • The complex exhibits paramagnetic properties, indicative of the Rh(II) oxidation state.
  • The structure features a rhodium center coordinated by four bridging 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolate ligands.

Conclusions:

  • This work provides a rare example of a mononuclear, paramagnetic rhodium(II) complex.
  • The synthesis opens avenues for further investigation into the chemistry and applications of low-valent rhodium species.