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T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
09:51

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Published on: May 18, 2018

Fumarates improve psoriasis and multiple sclerosis by inducing type II dendritic cells.

Kamran Ghoreschi1, Jürgen Brück, Christina Kellerer

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and 2 Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fumarates treat autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and psoriasis by reprogramming immune cells. This approach generates specific dendritic cells (DCs) that reduce key inflammatory signals, offering a novel therapeutic strategy.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and Interleukin-23 (IL-23) drive pathogenic T helper cell differentiation in multiple sclerosis (MS) and psoriasis.
  • Despite shared drivers, MS and psoriasis exhibit distinct responses to existing therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism by which fumarates exert therapeutic effects in autoimmune diseases.
  • To explore the role of fumarate treatment in modulating immune cell function and cytokine production.

Main Methods:

  • Human and mouse models of autoimmune diseases were used.
  • Fumarate treatment effects on T helper cell differentiation and dendritic cell (DC) function were analyzed.
  • Mechanisms involving glutathione (GSH) depletion, hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and STAT1 phosphorylation were investigated.

Main Results:

  • Fumarate treatment induced IL-4-producing Th2 cells and type II DCs in humans and mice.
  • Type II DCs produced IL-10 and suppressed IL-12 and IL-23 production.
  • Fumarate-induced GSH depletion led to HO-1 expression and impaired STAT1 phosphorylation, inhibiting IL-23p19 and IL-12p35 transcription respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Fumarates induce type II DCs via GSH depletion, HO-1 expression, and STAT1 inactivation.
  • This mechanism ameliorates Th1- and Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases like MS and psoriasis by reducing IL-12 and IL-23 production.
  • Fumarates represent a promising therapeutic strategy for inflammatory autoimmune conditions.