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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP
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Reprogramming somatic cells into iPS cells activates LINE-1 retroelement mobility.

Silke Wissing1, Martin Muñoz-Lopez, Angela Macia

  • 1Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Human Molecular Genetics
|October 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposons are highly expressed in human pluripotent stem cells. Somatic cell reprogramming increases L1 activity, potentially impacting genomic integrity.

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13:23

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Published on: February 20, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposons constitute a significant portion of the human genome.
  • Their role in genomic restructuring and potential for causing injury is under investigation.
  • Understanding L1 retrotransposition dynamics in different cell types is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess L1 mRNA expression and retrotransposition activity in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • To compare L1 activity in pluripotent cells with control human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs).
  • To investigate the relationship between L1 expression, methylation, and retrotransposition efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Detection of full-length L1 mRNA and L1 open reading frame 1-encoded protein (ORF1p).
  • Sequencing analysis for human-specific L1 element mRNAs.
  • Bisulfite sequencing to assess CpG methylation in the L1 promoter region.
  • Quantification of retrotransposition efficiency using an engineered L1 element.

Main Results:

  • Full-length L1 mRNA and ORF1p were detected in hESCs and iPSCs, but not in HDFs.
  • Increased L1 expression in iPSCs correlated with decreased CpG methylation in the L1 promoter.
  • Retrotransposition of an engineered L1 element was approximately 10-fold more efficient in iPSCs than in HDFs.

Conclusions:

  • Somatic cell reprogramming is associated with significantly increased L1 expression.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit heightened L1 retrotransposition activity.
  • Increased L1 activity during reprogramming may pose risks to the genomic integrity of iPSCs.