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Updated: May 28, 2026

Virtual Agent for Real-Time Motivational Interviewing by Integrating Adaptive Nonverbal Behavior and Language Models
Published on: December 23, 2025
Smiling virtual agent in social context
Magalie Ochs1, Radoslaw Niewiadomski, Paul Brunet
1CNRS-LTCI, Télécom ParisTech, Paris, France. ochs@telecom-paristech.fr
Abstract:
A smile may communicate different communicative intentions depending on subtle characteristics of the facial expression. In this article, we propose an algorithm to determine the morphological and dynamic characteristics of virtual agent's smiles of amusement, politeness, and embarrassment. The algorithm has been defined based on a virtual agent's smiles corpus constructed by users and analyzed with a decision tree classification technique. An evaluation, in different contexts, of the resulting smiles has enabled us to validate the proposed algorithm.
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