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Three Similar But Unique Cases Of Isolated Superior Rectus ExtraOcular Muscle (EOM) Palsy Strabismus, Presenting With
Insights
Three pediatric patients with isolated superior rectus palsy underwent surgery. Initial surgery corrected head tilts, but a contralateral tilt developed, revealing underlying superior rectus palsy. Further surgery successfully addressed these rare cases.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Pediatric Strabismus Surgery
Background:
- Isolated superior rectus (SR) palsy is rare in pediatric patients.
- Patients with SR palsy often present with compensatory head tilts.
Purpose of the Study:
- To describe three rare cases of isolated SR palsy in young children.
- To detail the surgical management and outcomes for these patients.
Main Methods:
- Three pediatric patients with head tilts underwent left inferior rectus (LIR) recession with nasal transposition.
- Two patients required subsequent right inferior rectus (RIR) recession for persistent SR palsy.
- One patient needed LIR advancement for weakness; two required inferior oblique weakening.
Main Results:
- Initial LIR recession corrected head tilts, but a contralateral tilt emerged in all patients.
- Secondary surgery successfully resolved remaining head tilts in all three cases.
- No lower lid retraction occurred post-operatively due to specialized surgical techniques.
Conclusions:
- Congenital hypoplasia of the superior rectus muscle is a potential cause of these SR palsy cases.
- The absence of blepharoptosis supports the hypothesis of congenital muscle hypoplasia.
- Advanced MRI techniques are needed for definitive diagnosis but are limited in young children.
Purpose:
To report 3 rare cases, seen over 15 years, of isolated superior rectus (SR) palsy in binocularly fusing pediatric patients presenting with appropriate head tilts.
Patients And Method:
All 3 children, ages 11, 16, and 34 mos, presented with large right head tilts and secondary overactions of the right inferior oblique indicating LSR palsy. All 3 children received recessions of the antagonist left inferior rectus (LIR) 8 to 9 mm with 3 mm of nasal transposition to prevent exotropia in down gaze.
Results:
All 3 children had zero head tilt 4 weeks after their LIR recessions of 8 to 9 mm, but all 3 children developed a significant contralateral left head tilt three months after their LIR recessions. Two of the 3 them three-stepped to produce a pattern of (previously occult) SR palsy. These 2 received recessions of the RIR 5.8 to 6.5 mm. One of the 3 had a pattern that indicated LIR weakness; his LIR was advanced 2.5 mm from a 9 mm recession to a 6.5 mm recession. No significant head tilts remained or developed anew after the second surgery, but two of the three cases eventually developed apparent primary overactions of the inferior obliques and received successful weakening procedures of the inferior obliques. Due to inclusion in each case of special handling of the intermuscular septa and Lockwoods ligament (for details see later text), none of the 3 children had lower lid retraction after the large IR recessions.
Conclusions:
In view of the fact that the superior division of the Third Cranial Nerve also innervates the adjacent levator and these three cases have had no blepharoptosis suggests that these apparently palsied superior rectus muscles may have been congenitally hypoplastic. Classic MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) of the EOM by the techniques of Demer, to confirm this hypothesis, have not been available in these children, because of the current technical limitations of such diagnostic imaging in the case of young children who cannot maintain steady fixation for the time required.
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