Therapeutic strategies for endothelial dysfunction.

Area of Science:

• Vascular Biology
• Cardiovascular Medicine
• Regenerative Medicine

Background:

• Compromised vascular endothelium drives inflammation, oxidative stress, and platelet aggregation, contributing to cardiac, cerebral, and renal disorders.
• Noninvasive techniques exist for assessing endothelial dysfunction in clinical practice.
• Various interventions show therapeutic potential for endothelial dysfunction and its consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current evaluation techniques and interventional treatments for endothelial dysfunction.
• To discuss limitations of existing therapies and explore avenues for improved endothelium-targeted treatments.
• To highlight emerging therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of noninvasive techniques for endothelial dysfunction assessment.
• Analysis of interventional treatment approaches for endothelial dysfunction.
• Evaluation of preclinical and clinical data on therapeutic agents.

Main Results:

• Current treatments offer some benefits, but limitations persist.
• Preclinical data indicate promise for protein-, cell-, and gene-based therapies targeting the endothelium.
• Further research is needed to refine delivery and understand mechanisms for clinical translation.

Conclusions:

• While existing agents have pleiotropic effects, advanced therapies are emerging.
• Protein-, cell-, and gene-based approaches offer selective targeting of dysfunctional endothelium.
• Future research should focus on preclinical models, delivery systems, and mechanistic studies for human trials.