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Updated: May 28, 2026

Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Published on: March 6, 2012

Cholesterol embolization syndrome.

Muhamed Saric¹, Itzhak Kronzon

¹Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA. muhamed.saric@nyumc.org

Current Opinion in Cardiology

|October 14, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cholesterol embolization syndrome (CES) occurs when plaque embolizes, causing organ damage. Diagnosis relies on biopsy, and treatment focuses on supportive care and managing underlying atherosclerosis.

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Published on: March 6, 2012

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Medicine
Nephrology
Neurology

Background:

Cholesterol embolization syndrome (CES), also known as atheroembolism, arises from the embolization of atherosclerotic plaque contents.
This condition leads to ischemic end-organ damage, affecting multiple organ systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively review cholesterol embolization syndrome (CES).
To detail its risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and current treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on cholesterol embolization syndrome.
Analysis of clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

CES presents with constitutional symptoms, systemic inflammation, and specific signs like livedo reticularis and blue-toe syndrome.
Diagnosis is confirmed via organ biopsy; no specific laboratory test exists.
Hollenhorst plaques on retinal exam can support the diagnosis.

Conclusions:

Currently, no specific diagnostic test beyond biopsy is available for CES.
Effective treatments for CES itself are still under development.
Management involves supportive care and addressing underlying atherosclerosis and arterial ischemia.