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Related Concept Videos

Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by sustained extreme cold exposure, and severe...
Frost Action on Concrete01:27

Frost Action on Concrete

Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
This freeze-thaw cycle primarily causes surface scaling, where...
Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems01:18

Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems

The inscribed polygon method is consistent with Hückel’s 4n + 2 rule and helps to learn whether the given cyclic compound is aromatic or not. The compound is stable and aromatic if every bonding molecular orbital (MO) is completely filled with a pair of electrons. However, if the non-bonding or antibonding orbitals are filled with electrons, the compound is unstable and not aromatic. Consider the Frost circle diagrams for cycloalkenes containing 4 to 8 carbons.
Hückel's Rule Diagram of π MOs: Frost Circle01:08

Hückel's Rule Diagram of π MOs: Frost Circle

The Frost circle or the inscribed polygon method is a graphical method for determining the relative energies of π molecular orbitals (MOs) for planar, fully conjugated, and monocyclic compounds. This method was first described by A. A. Frost and Boris Musulin in 1953.
A Frost circle is constructed by drawing a polygon whose number of edges is equal to the number of carbons of the given cyclic system, with one of the vertices pointing down. Then, a circle is drawn enclosing the polygon so that...
Frost Resistant Concrete01:29

Frost Resistant Concrete

Concrete's susceptibility to frost damage during freeze-thaw cycles demands strategic measures to enhance its frost resistance. Employing techniques like air entrainment, adjusting the water-cement ratio, proper curing, and selecting appropriate aggregates are essential.
Introducing microscopic air bubbles into the concrete mix through air entrainment creates small voids that accommodate ice expansion, thereby reducing internal pressures and preventing cracking. The optimal amount of entrained...
Introduction to Plant Diversity02:22

Introduction to Plant Diversity

From Water to Land

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
09:36

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Published on: May 8, 2015

Frostbites in circumpolar areas.

Tiina Maria Ikäheimo1, Juhani Hassi

  • 1Institute of Health Sciences and the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. tiina.ikaheimo@oulu.fi

Global Health Action
|October 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Frostbite is a preventable cold injury affecting skin and tissues, common in circumpolar occupations and activities. Effective cold risk management and tailored care for vulnerable groups are crucial for prevention.

Keywords:
circumpolarcoldfrostbiteinjurypopulationvulnerable

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
09:36

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Published on: May 8, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Occupational Health
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Circumpolar regions face prolonged cold exposure, exacerbated by wind, precipitation, and darkness, posing significant health risks.
  • Despite climate warming, cold conditions persist, contributing to adverse health effects like frostbite, a freezing injury affecting skin and tissues.
  • Frostbite occurs during occupational and leisure activities, impacting diverse age groups and populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the environmental and individual factors contributing to frostbite injuries.
  • To identify vulnerable populations susceptible to cold injuries.
  • To emphasize the preventable nature of frostbite and outline cold risk management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of environmental and individual predisposing factors for frostbite.
  • Analysis of occupational and leisure activities associated with cold exposure.
  • Examination of public health perspectives on frostbite prevention.

Main Results:

  • Environmental factors (temperature, wind, wetness, altitude) and individual factors (behavior, health) significantly predispose individuals to frostbite.
  • Vulnerable populations include those with chronic diseases, children, the elderly, and homeless individuals.
  • Frostbite can lead to long-term discomfort and functional limitations, highlighting its public health significance.

Conclusions:

  • Frostbite is a preventable injury, unacceptable from a public health standpoint.
  • Effective cold risk management requires awareness, appropriate clothing, and organizational/technical measures.
  • Customized information and care are essential for preventing frostbite in vulnerable populations.