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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the lytic replication...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects its...
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Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

HBV life cycle: entry and morphogenesis.

Stephanie Schädler1, Eberhard Hildt

  • 1Molecular Medical Virology, Institute of Infection Medicine, University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany;

Viruses
|October 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects liver cells through endocytosis. Viral DNA replication involves RNA pregenome (pgRNA) and HBV polymerase (P) within capsids, leading to new virions or nuclear cccDNA formation.

Keywords:
entryhepatitis B virusliver diseasemorphogenesis

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

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Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
11:28

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant global cause of liver disease.
  • The precise mechanism of HBV hepatocyte infection remains incompletely understood.
  • HBV infection establishes a persistent cccDNA form in the nucleus, crucial for viral replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cellular entry and intracellular trafficking of HBV nucleocapsids.
  • To detail the HBV replication cycle, focusing on genome reverse transcription and capsid assembly.
  • To describe the pathways for viral genome delivery to the nucleus and progeny virion formation.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely involved cell culture models of HBV infection.
  • Techniques such as endocytosis assays, fluorescent microscopy, and molecular biology methods were probably employed.
  • Analysis of viral components like nucleocapsids, rcDNA, and pgRNA within infected cells was central.

Main Results:

  • HBV enters hepatocytes via endocytosis, releasing nucleocapsids into the cytoplasm.
  • Viral polymerase (P) initiates reverse transcription of the RNA pregenome (pgRNA) within capsids.
  • Nucleocapsids can return viral DNA to the nucleus or be packaged into progeny virions for secretion.

Conclusions:

  • HBV infection involves a complex interplay of endocytosis, cytoplasmic processing, and nuclear/extracellular trafficking.
  • The HBV polymerase and pgRNA are critical for viral genome replication via reverse transcription.
  • Understanding these steps is key to developing targeted antiviral therapies for Hepatitis B.