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Related Concept Videos

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
Membrane Lipids01:32

Membrane Lipids

Lipids are an essential component of all biological membranes. The average lipid content in mammalian membranes is 50%, though it can be as low as 20% in the inner mitochondrial membrane or as high as 80% in the myelin sheath present around the nerve cells.
Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin are the most common phospholipids present in mammalian membranes. At physiological pH, phosphatidylserine is negatively charged, while the other three...
Membrane Lipids01:32

Membrane Lipids

Lipids are an essential component of all biological membranes. The average lipid content in mammalian membranes is 50%, though it can be as low as 20% in the inner mitochondrial membrane or as high as 80% in the myelin sheath present around the nerve cells.
Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin are the most common phospholipids present in mammalian membranes. At physiological pH, phosphatidylserine is negatively charged, while the other three...
Membrane Fluidity01:26

Membrane Fluidity

Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is a relatively...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells
08:58

In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells

Published on: May 1, 2019

Lipid membranes in poxvirus replication.

Jason P Laliberte1, Bernard Moss1

  • 1Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Viruses
|October 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poxviruses gain multiple membranes during cytoplasmic replication, with their origin and wrapping mechanisms still under investigation. Understanding these processes is key to controlling poxvirus infections.

Keywords:
endocytosisexocytosisphospholipidstransmembrane proteinsvirus assemblyvirus entry

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In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells
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Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2
10:55

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2

Published on: April 10, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Poxviruses replicate within the host cell cytoplasm.
  • Poxviruses acquire multiple lipoprotein membranes during replication.
  • The origin of the initial poxvirus membrane is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the origin and acquisition of membranes by poxviruses during replication.
  • To understand the mechanism of membrane wrapping and virion maturation.
  • To investigate the role of cellular membranes in poxvirus assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of poxvirus replication intermediates.
  • Electron microscopy to visualize virion structure and membrane acquisition.
  • Biochemical assays to characterize viral and cellular membrane components.

Main Results:

  • Poxviruses acquire multiple lipoprotein membranes in the cytoplasm.
  • A proposed de novo origin for the initial membrane lacks substantiation.
  • A subsequent wrapping step involves modified trans-Golgi or endosomal cisternae, forming a three-membraned particle.
  • Virions traverse the cytoplasm on microtubules.
  • Membrane loss occurs during exocytosis and before cell entry.

Conclusions:

  • Poxvirus assembly involves complex membrane acquisition and modification steps within the cytoplasm.
  • The precise origin of the initial viral membrane remains an open question.
  • Understanding poxvirus membrane dynamics is crucial for developing antiviral strategies.