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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...

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Capsid and integrase play essential apposing roles in viral ribonucleoprotein assembly during HIV-1 core morphogenesis.

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HIV-1 nuclear import is selective and depends on both capsid elasticity and nuclear pore adaptability.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Single-Cell Multiplexed Fluorescence Imaging to Visualize Viral Nucleic Acids and Proteins and Monitor HIV, HTLV, HBV, HCV, Zika Virus, and Influenza Infection
07:24

Single-Cell Multiplexed Fluorescence Imaging to Visualize Viral Nucleic Acids and Proteins and Monitor HIV, HTLV, HBV, HCV, Zika Virus, and Influenza Infection

Published on: October 29, 2020

HIV Nuclear Entry: Clearing the Fog.

Vaibhav B Shah1, Christopher Aiken1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A 5301 Medical Center North, Nashville TN 37232-2363, USA.

Viruses
|October 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) uses its viral capsid to enter host cell nuclei, even in nondividing cells. Mutations in the capsid affect how HIV-1 interacts with host cell proteins for nuclear entry.

Keywords:
HIV-1TNPO3capsidnuclear entrynucleoporins

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Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)
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Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Published on: May 5, 2012

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Single-Cell Multiplexed Fluorescence Imaging to Visualize Viral Nucleic Acids and Proteins and Monitor HIV, HTLV, HBV, HCV, Zika Virus, and Influenza Infection
07:24

Single-Cell Multiplexed Fluorescence Imaging to Visualize Viral Nucleic Acids and Proteins and Monitor HIV, HTLV, HBV, HCV, Zika Virus, and Influenza Infection

Published on: October 29, 2020

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)
10:16

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Published on: May 5, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other lentiviruses can infect nondividing cells.
  • The mechanism of nuclear entry for these viruses across an intact nuclear membrane remains largely unknown.
  • The viral capsid's role in nuclear entry is crucial but not fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the HIV-1 viral capsid in nuclear entry.
  • To understand how HIV-1 infects both dividing and nondividing cells.
  • To identify specific viral capsid mutations affecting nuclear import pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of viral capsid function in nuclear entry.
  • Study of HIV-1 interactions with host cell nucleoporins.
  • Genetic analysis of viral capsid mutations.

Main Results:

  • The viral capsid is confirmed to play a key role in HIV-1 nuclear entry in both dividing and nondividing cells.
  • Specific mutations in the viral capsid alter the virus's dependence on host cell nucleoporins.
  • This highlights the capsid's importance in regulating nuclear import.

Conclusions:

  • The HIV-1 viral capsid is a critical determinant of nuclear entry.
  • Understanding capsid-nucleoporin interactions advances knowledge of lentiviral nuclear transport.
  • This research offers insights into a poorly understood stage of the HIV-1 life cycle.