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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors01:22

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Publisher Correction: Baloxavir improves disease outcomes in mice after intranasal or ocular infection with Influenza A virus H5N1-contaminated cow's milk.

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Correction: Bulatov et al. Camelpox Virus in Western Kazakhstan: Assessment of the Role of Local Fauna as Reservoirs of Infection. <i>Viruses</i> 2024, <i>16</i>, 1626.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals
09:31

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Published on: April 15, 2017

Combination chemotherapy for influenza.

Elena A Govorkova1, Robert G Webster1

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA.

Viruses
|October 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel chemotherapy is urgently needed for influenza due to rapidly evolving H1N1 and H5N1 viruses. Combination therapy with existing and new antiviral drugs targeting viral polymerase, hemagglutinin, or NS1 protein offers a promising strategy against resistant strains.

Keywords:
amantadineantiviralscombination therapyinfluenza virusneuraminidase inhibitorsoseltamivirribavirin

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High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals
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High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus
10:05

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Published on: February 4, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Influenza viruses, including pandemic H1N1 and highly pathogenic H5N1 strains, pose a continuous global health threat.
  • Current antiviral treatments, neuraminidase inhibitors and M2 ion channel blockers, face challenges due to rapid resistance development.
  • Limitations of monotherapy necessitate exploring alternative and combination chemotherapy strategies for influenza.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental data on combination chemotherapy for human influenza.
  • To discuss the development of novel anti-influenza agents and therapeutic targets.
  • To highlight the importance of combination therapy in combating drug-resistant influenza strains.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental data on combination chemotherapy for influenza.
  • Analysis of current and emerging anti-influenza drug targets.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic strategies against resistant influenza variants.

Main Results:

  • Existing antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir are limited by resistance.
  • Potential new targets for anti-influenza agents include viral polymerase, hemagglutinin, and NS1 protein.
  • Combination chemotherapy is identified as a logical therapeutic option to overcome drug resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Novel approaches to influenza chemotherapy are urgently required.
  • Combination therapy presents a viable strategy to manage drug-resistant influenza.
  • Further research into new agents and therapeutic targets is crucial for effective influenza treatment.